The New York State Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) Program provides NYS farmers with testing, control program, and herd certification services. Responsive to fiscal pressures, focus in the program generally has shifted from intense fecal culture testing and animal management based on culture status to ELISA testing with fecal confirmation and integration of Johne's disease control into the total farm management system. This testing approach has cut costs while preserving the integrity of our testing service. Herds are "profiled" based on ELISA results that assign animals of the herd to low, moderate, moderately-high, and high risk categories. Fecal cultures are then done on all animals in the latter three categories to confirm specificity of the ELISA findings. Because of the lack of sensitivity of culture, ELISA values sometimes assign animals to moderately-high to high risk categories that are not culture positive until months later. Thus, ELISA and fecal analysis are complementary and can proficiency define herd status at a much reduced cost. If cost is no factor, then full herd fecal analysis and ELISA would be indicated to define both the shedders and potential shedders (high ELISA values). Farm operations in NYS range from tie stall dairies (30-100 cows) to free-stall operations (150-1200 cows) representing both purebred and commercial interests. Testing and Johne's disease management strategies for a given farm depend upon the farm objectives and range from mere awareness of the problem to aggressive Johne's disease eradication. Factors entering into development of a Johne's disease management strategy that conforms to the farms objectives include determination of prevalence, economic and sociologic impact of Johne's disease, epidemiological characteristics, capability to modify management and use of resources, aggressiveness to reach JD management outcomes. A flow chart of alternative approaches is used to demonstrate the management strategies for various prevalence and objectives, their associated requirements, and their expected outcomes. For a herd with endemic Johne's disease, aggressive testing, culling and management is highest cost control and will effectively prevent spread. The initial high costs may well be offset by a long-term economic advantages. Alternatively, a minimal effort is unlikely to slow the progression of Johne's disease. Improvement in control strategies requires proper interpretation of tests, understanding of Johne's disease epidemiology, and consideration of management and economic factors at the farm and global level.